Appendix A: The Words

This book teaches its Hebrew and Greek alongside the English, because the originals often carry a freight the English lost — and again and again, in both halves, the whole matter has turned on a single word (chodesh, pleroo, cheirographon, koinos). They are gathered here in one alphabetical list, each with a plain gloss, the verses where it sits, and the movement that walked it. Transliteration only; Hebrew and Greek are marked.

afikoman (Greek, used in the seder)

"that which comes after" (the after-meal course); the broken half of the middle matzah, wrapped, hidden, and brought back to end the meal — a later custom that echoes a body broken, laid away, and returned. Luke 22:19. · Movement Three

akathartos (Greek)

"ritually unclean"; the Leviticus 11 word for an unclean species — the word that is not used in the food-freedom texts, which speak instead of koinos. Leviticus 11:4–8; compare Romans 14:14. · Movement Sixteen

allēgoroumena (Greek)

"interpreted allegorically"; Paul's own flag that the Hagar-and-Sarah passage is a picture, not a legal ruling — "this may be interpreted allegorically." Galatians 4:24. · Movement Fifteen

anomia (Greek)

"lawlessness, Torah-less-ness"; a-nomia, without-law — what Yeshua names against the workers He says He "never knew" (Matthew 7:23). Sin itself is anomia (1 John 3:4). · Movement Eleven

atzeret (Hebrew)

"a holding back, a lingering, a solemn assembly"; the name of the Eighth Day — heard by the old teachers as a host's don't leave yet, one more day together. Leviticus 23:36. · Movement Ten

Aviv (Hebrew)

"green ears of barley"; the spring month in which the barley ripens, which God set as the first month of the year, so the year opens with Passover and new life. Exodus 12:2; 13:4; Deuteronomy 16:1. · Movement One

Azazel (Hebrew)

"the goat that departs" — the scapegoat; the live goat over whose head the sins were confessed and that was led far into the wilderness, never to return. (The term is debated; many read Azazel as a proper name rather than a description.) Leviticus 16:8–22. · Movement Eight

bedikat chametz (Hebrew)

"the search for leaven"; the candlelit hunt through the darkened house for the last hidden crumbs before Unleavened Bread — a picture of the lamp of the LORD searching the heart. Proverbs 20:27. · Movement Four

chadashah (Hebrew)

"new" — and, sharing a root with chodesh (the new moon), carrying the sense of renewed; the promised covenant is the same one made new, not a different one. (The word can also mean plainly "brand-new"; the renewal sense is the reading this series takes.) Jeremiah 31:31–33. · Part Two opener & Movement Eighteen

Chag HaMatzot (Hebrew)

"the Feast of Unleavened Bread"; the seven days after Passover when all leaven is removed and only flat bread eaten — the week the sinless Bread lay buried. Leviticus 23:6–8; 1 Corinthians 5:7–8. · Movement Four

chametz (Hebrew)

"leaven"; the yeast that spreads through a whole lump from a tiny piece — Scripture's standing picture of sin, swept out of the house during Unleavened Bread. Exodus 12:15; 1 Corinthians 5:6–8. · Movement Four

cheirographon (Greek)

"a handwritten certificate of debt, an IOU"; the thing nailed to the cross — the record of what we owed, "against us," not the Torah; the attached phrase tois dogmasin ("with its decrees / legal demands") most naturally names the charges recorded on it, not the commandments themselves. Colossians 2:14. · Movement Thirteen

chodesh (Hebrew)

"new moon; renewal"; the moon renewed out of the dark — by which the Father's calendar counts its months, and the picture beneath chadashah, the renewed covenant. Exodus 12:2; Psalm 81:3. · Movement One & Movement Eighteen

eidōlothuton (Greek)

"food sacrificed to idols"; the actual subject of the "food freedom" chapters (1 Corinthians 8–10) and of the council's ruling — idol-meat, not clean and unclean species. 1 Corinthians 8:1; Acts 15:29. · Movement Sixteen

eskēnōsen (Greek)

"he tabernacled, pitched his tent"; the verb John uses for the Word becoming flesh and dwelling among us — the very word for the Feast of Booths. The God who taught His people to live in tents took a tent of skin. John 1:14. · Movement Nine

gramma (Greek)

"the written code, the letter"; the law carved on cold stone, accusing from outside — set against the Spirit who writes the same Torah on the heart. Romans 7:6; 2 Corinthians 3:6. · Movement Fourteen

histanomen (Greek)

"we uphold, we establish, we make stand"; Paul's own verdict — "do we overthrow the law by this faith? By no means! We uphold the law." Romans 3:31. · Movement Fourteen

Hoshia-na (Hebrew)

"save us — save now"; the plea from the Hallel sung while circling the altar at Booths, and the cry the crowds raised to Yeshua at the Triumphal Entry. Psalm 118:25; Matthew 21:9. · Movement Nine

hypo nomon (Greek)

"under law"; under the Law's jurisdiction as a verdict — in the courtroom, in the dock — not a statement that the commandments have ceased. Romans 6:14. · Movement Fourteen

kataluo (Greek)

"to tear down, demolish, abolish"; the fate Yeshua explicitly denied — "I have not come to abolish" — the opposite of pleroo. Matthew 5:17. · Movement Twelve

ketubah (Hebrew)

"marriage covenant" (a later rabbinic term for the written marriage contract, used here as an image); the Torah read not as a landlord's lease but as the shape of love with the One you are wed to. (Sinai as a wedding.) · Movement Nineteen

kippur (Hebrew)

"covering, atonement"; the root of Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement — sin both paid for and carried away, the covering made once for all at the cross. Leviticus 16; 23:27–28; Hebrews 9:11–12. · Movement Eight

koinos (Greek)

"common, defiled by association"; the word Paul uses for food made off-limits by idol-contact — "nothing is koinos in itself" — not akathartos, the unclean-species word. Romans 14:14. · Movement Sixteen

matzah (Hebrew)

"unleavened bread, the bread of affliction"; eaten through Unleavened Bread and broken by Yeshua at the seder as His own body — by its making, striped and pierced and without leaven. Deuteronomy 16:3; Matthew 26:26; Isaiah 53:5. · Movement Four

melachot (Hebrew)

"works, categories of labor"; the thirty-nine kinds of work the later tradition fenced out of the Sabbath, drawn from the labors of building the tabernacle — the "fence" Yeshua kept prying back open. Mishnah Shabbat 7:2. · Movements Two & Eleven

mo'ed / mo'adim (Hebrew)

"appointed time(s), a meeting fixed in advance"; the Bible's own name for the feasts — not "holidays" but the Father's set appointments to meet His people; the same word used of the lights "for seasons" at creation. Leviticus 23:2, 4; Genesis 1:14. · Prologue & Movement One

omer (Hebrew)

"a sheaf, a measure"; the first sheaf waved at Firstfruits, and the name of the fifty-day counting of the omer that bridges Firstfruits to Weeks. Leviticus 23:10–16. · Movements Five & Six

paidagogos (Greek)

"guardian, custodian"; not a teacher, but the household slave who escorted a boy and disciplined him until he came of age — the Law's custodial, imprisoning-until-Christ role, finished when faith comes. Galatians 3:24–25. · Movement Fifteen

pasach (Hebrew)

"to pass over, to spare"; the verb behind Pesach — what death did to the blood-marked door on the night of the Exodus. Exodus 12:13, 23. · Movement Three

Pentecost (Greek)

"fiftieth"; the Greek name for the Feast of Weeks, counted as the fiftieth day from Firstfruits — the day the Ruach fell. Acts 2:1; Leviticus 23:16. · Movement Six

Pesach (Hebrew)

"Passover"; the founding feast of redemption — the lamb slain, the blood on the door, death passing over — fulfilled when Yeshua, the Lamb of God, died on its day. Leviticus 23:5; Exodus 12; 1 Corinthians 5:7. · Movement Three

pleroo (Greek)

"to fill full, to complete, to bring to its purpose"; what Yeshua came to do to the Law — fill it full, not empty it. Matthew 5:17. · Movements Eleven & Twelve

qadash (Hebrew)

"to set apart, to make holy"; the verb first used in Scripture not of a place or a person but of the seventh day — holiness entering the world as a rhythm. Genesis 2:3. · Movement Two

Ruach (Hebrew)

"Spirit, breath, wind"; God's own breath — poured out on the Feast of Weeks (Part One), and the One who writes the Torah on the heart and supplies the power to keep it (Part Two); not a third someone, but the Presence of the one God at work within. Acts 2:1–4; Jeremiah 31:33; Ezekiel 36:27. · Movements Six & Fourteen

sabbatismos (Greek)

"a Sabbath-rest, a Sabbath-keeping"; a word coined in Hebrews for the rest still remaining for God's people — the eternal Sabbath the weekly one rehearses. Hebrews 4:9–10. · Movement Two

seder (Hebrew)

"order"; the ordered Passover meal — the telling of the Exodus with its cups, unleavened bread, and bitter herbs — which Yeshua opened at the Last Supper and filled with Himself. Exodus 12; Luke 22:14–20. · Movement Three

Shabbat (Hebrew)

"rest, cessation"; to cease, to lay the work down — the weekly day, the first holy thing in Scripture, a sign of belonging and a rehearsal of the rest to come. Genesis 2:2–3; Exodus 20:8–11; 31:17. · Movement Two

Shavuot (Hebrew)

"Weeks"; the feast counted seven weeks from Firstfruits — the giving of Torah at Sinai with fire, and the giving of the Ruach with fire, the same feast and the same fire. Leviticus 23:15–16; Acts 2. · Movement Six

Shemini Atzeret (Hebrew)

"the Eighth Day of Assembly"; the quiet day after Booths — atzeret, "don't leave yet" — and the eighth day of new beginnings, pointing to the new creation with no evening. Leviticus 23:36. · Movement Ten

shofar (Hebrew)

"ram's horn"; the trumpet of the Day of Trumpets, the horn of the ram caught in Isaac's place — the sound that wakes, that crowns a king, and that will announce the King's return. Leviticus 23:24; Genesis 22:13; 1 Thessalonians 4:16. · Movement Seven

Simchat Torah (Hebrew)

"the Rejoicing in the Word"; the celebration on the Eighth Day when the yearly Scripture cycle is finished and at once begun again — the reading that never ends because the relationship never ends. Deuteronomy 34; Genesis 1. · Movement Ten

sukkah (Hebrew)

"booth, shelter"; the fragile, open-roofed hut lived in during Tabernacles — a reminder that our true home is the Presence, not the walls. Leviticus 23:42. · Movement Nine

Sukkot (Hebrew)

"Booths, Tabernacles"; the joyful harvest feast of God dwelling with His people — kept in flesh when the Word pitched His tent among us, and pointing to the day He dwells with all nations forever. Leviticus 23:34, 42–43; John 1:14; Zechariah 14:16; Revelation 21:3. · Movement Nine

telos (Greek)

"goal, aim, purpose, the point a thing is driving at"; "Christ is the telos of the law" — the finish line the Law was running toward, not the off-switch. Romans 10:4. · Movement Fourteen

teruah (Hebrew)

"a blast, a shout, an alarm"; the sound of the Day of Trumpets — not a gentle note but a wake-up call and a coronation cry. Leviticus 23:24; Psalm 47:5. · Movement Seven

teshuvah (Hebrew)

"turning, return, repentance"; the work of the season the trumpet opens — turning back to God in the days that lead to the Day of Atonement. Joel 2:12–13. · Movement Seven

Torah (Hebrew)

"instruction, teaching"; God's guidance for His people — not "law" in the cold, courtroom sense the English suggests, but a Father's teaching, given for our good; given on stone at the first Weeks, written on hearts at the fulfilled one. Deuteronomy 10:13; Jeremiah 31:33. · throughout

Yom HaBikkurim (Hebrew)

"the Day of Firstfruits"; the waving of the first sheaf as a promise of the full harvest — the day Yeshua rose, "the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep." Leviticus 23:10–11; 1 Corinthians 15:20. · Movement Five

Yom Kippur (Hebrew)

"the Day of Atonement / Covering"; the most solemn feast — the fast, the high priest behind the veil, the two goats that are one offering, and a national looking-up still ahead. Leviticus 16; 23:27–32; Zechariah 12:10. · Movement Eight

Yom Teruah (Hebrew)

"the Day of Trumpets / the Blast"; the first fall feast, the wake-up trumpet on the one appointment no one can date in advance — pointing to the return of the King. Leviticus 23:24; Matthew 24:36; 1 Corinthians 15:52. · Movement Seven

yovel (Hebrew)

"Jubilee" (literally the ram's-horn blast); the fiftieth year of release — debts cancelled, slaves freed, all returned home — proclaimed by the trumpet on the Day of Atonement. Leviticus 25:9–10; Luke 4:18–21. · Movements Six & Eight