Appendix D: The Words

The whole defense was built one word at a time, because the whole case against Paul was built on words mistranslated or flattened. They are gathered here in one list, so a reader who wants a term again does not have to hunt the movement it came from. Transliteration only, the same as the body; no claim is made on the reader's pronunciation. Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic are marked.

adelphos agapetos (Greek)

"beloved brother" — Peter's name for Paul (2 Peter 3:15): not a spy, not an enemy, but family, vouched for by the chief apostle who had once rebuked him to his face. · Movement Twelve

amatheis (Greek)

"ignorant, unlearned" — in Peter's warning, the readers who lack the Torah-grounded foundation to follow Paul and so misread him. 2 Peter 3:16. · Movement Twelve

anomia (Greek)

"lawlessness, Torah-violation" — the condition the Memra condemns: "depart from me, you workers of anomia" (Matthew 7:23). The end of the chain that begins with twisting Paul. · Movements Twelve, Fourteen

apoleian (Greek)

"destruction, ruin" — where the twisting of Paul leads (2 Peter 3:16); the same word-family as apollymi, to perish. · Movement Twelve

asteriktoi (Greek)

"unstable, unanchored" — the second kind of reader Peter says will wreck himself twisting Paul. 2 Peter 3:16. · Movement Twelve

chadashah (Hebrew)

"new" — the word for the "new" covenant (Jeremiah 31:31). It shares the root of chodesh and carries the sense of renewal as much as replacement: a thing made new, not a different thing swapped in. · Movement Fifteen

chodesh (Hebrew)

"new moon, month" — the same moon renewed out of the dark, not a different moon. The image beneath chadashah: the new covenant as the same covenant renewed. · Movement Fifteen

cheirographon (Greek)

"certificate of debt, handwritten note, IOU" — appears only once in the New Testament (Colossians 2:14). The record of trespasses nailed to the cross — not the Torah, which YHWH wrote with His own finger. · Movement Seven

dogmasin (Greek)

"decrees, ordinances" — human edicts in every other New Testament use (a census, a ruling). The decree-wrapped system set aside in Ephesians 2:15 and Colossians 2:14 — distinguished from entolon, the commandments, in the same phrase. · Movements Six, Seven

dysnoeta (Greek)

"hard to understand" — appears only once in the New Testament (2 Peter 3:16), where the text itself concedes Paul's difficulty. · Movement Twelve

eikon (Greek)

"image" — the visible representation of the invisible; Yeshua is "the eikon of the invisible God" (Colossians 1:15), the seen of the unseen. · Movement Thirteen

ennomos Christou (Greek)

"in-lawed to Christ, within the law of Christ" — Paul's own phrase (1 Corinthians 9:21): not lawless, but inside the Torah as the Messiah taught and lived it. · Movement Six

entolon (Greek)

"commandments" — God's commandments, set apart from dogmasin (human decrees) in the same phrase at Ephesians 2:15. The decrees were abolished; the commandments were not. · Movements Six, Seven

erga nomou (Greek)

"works of the law" — the credential and membership requirements the circumcision party demanded; never a synonym for Torah-obedience. What cannot justify (Galatians 2:16). · Movements Six, Nine, Ten

exagorazo (Greek)

"to buy out, redeem" — slave-market language for paying a price to set a captive free; Christ "bought out" those under the curse by paying its penalty (Galatians 3:13). · Movement Seven

hoi ek tes peritomes (Greek)

"those of the circumcision," the circumcision party — the faction that dogged Paul demanding gentiles be circumcised and keep the credential-system to be saved (Acts 15:1, 5; Galatians 2:12; Titus 1:10). · Movements Ten, Eleven

hypo nomon (Greek)

"under law" — under the condemnation/penalty system, not under the instruction. Grace removes you from the penalty, not from the commandments. · Movements Six, Eight

katalyo / apollymi / katargeo (Greek)

"to abolish / destroy / nullify" — the three Greek verbs for ending a thing that Paul had ready to hand and did not use of the Torah. At Romans 10:4 he chose telos — goal — instead. · Movement Seven

Kyrios (Greek)

"Lord" — the standard Greek rendering of the Name YHWH in the Greek Scriptures; the title Paul gives Yeshua, setting Him inside the Shema (1 Corinthians 8:6), not beside it. · Movement Thirteen

Memra (Aramaic)

"the Word" — the synagogue's term for the one God's own self-expression, by which the uncontainable Source makes Himself seen and reachable without becoming a second God. The lens this series reads by: the seen is the manifestation; the Source is never the thing seen. · Prologue and throughout

Nazirite vow (Hebrew, nazir)

the Torah devotion of Numbers 6: a man sets himself apart to YHWH for a season, abstains from the fruit of the vine, lets his hair grow, then shaves his head and brings an offering — one of the most distinctly Torah-shaped acts a Jewish man could perform, and one Paul performed (Acts 18:18; 21:23–26). · Movement Ten

nomos (Greek)

"law" — the single word Paul stretches across at least eight distinct senses (Torah; the penalty system; the law of sin; the law of the Spirit; the law of faith; the law of Christ; the law of the mind; the man-made decree-system). The master question of the whole book: which law? · Movement Six (see Appendix A)

paidagogos (Greek)

not a teacher — the household slave who escorted a child to the teacher. The Torah as a paidagogos (Galatians 3:24) brings you to the Messiah; "no longer under a paidagogos" means the child matured, not that the road was torn up. · Movement Seven

pleroma (Greek)

"fullness" — the whole completeness of deity that "dwells bodily" in Yeshua (Colossians 1:19; 2:9): the Father's own fullness, in His Manifestation, not a rival deity. · Movement Thirteen

pleroo (Greek)

"to fill full" — what the Memra came to do to the Torah (Matthew 5:17): not to abolish it but to fill it to the full. The plumb line of the whole trial. · Prologue and throughout

prototokos (Greek)

"firstborn" — rank, heir, preeminence, not birth-order or first-created: God calls Israel His "firstborn" (Exodus 4:22), and David, the youngest son, is "made firstborn" (Psalm 89:27). Of Yeshua at Colossians 1:15, the heir over all creation, not a creature within it. · Movement Thirteen

Ruach (Hebrew)

"breath, wind, Spirit" — God's own presence at work in the world, not a distinct third person; the power that supplies from within what the Torah commands. · throughout

somatikos (Greek)

"bodily" — the fullness of deity dwelling in Yeshua "bodily" (Colossians 2:9), the Source made reachable in flesh. · Movement Thirteen

soreg (Hebrew)

the stone Temple barrier, with death-threat inscriptions, that fenced gentiles out — the "dividing wall of hostility" that Christ tore down (Ephesians 2:14). The wall fell, not the Torah. · Movement Seven

streblousin (Greek)

"they twist" — to wrench or stretch on a rack, to torture into a forced shape; what the unstable do to Paul's letters (2 Peter 3:16). · Movement Twelve

telos (Greek)

"goal, aim, purpose, outcome" — the point a thing arrives at. It can render "end," but in the sense of a destination, not a demolition (as our own word end does in "to what end?"). "Christ is the telos of the law" (Romans 10:4) means Christ is what the Torah was aiming at; follow it rightly and it leads you to Him — the same "telos of [a command]" sense as "the telos of the commandment is love" (1 Timothy 1:5) and "the telos of your faith" (1 Peter 1:9). · Movement Seven

Torah (Hebrew)

"instruction, teaching" — the commandments YHWH gave at Sinai; not a synonym for legalism. When Paul means this, he calls it holy, righteous, good, and delightful (Romans 7:12, 22). · throughout

Yeshua (Hebrew)

"YHWH saves" — the Hebrew name of the Messiah, used throughout in place of the Greek-derived "Jesus"; the Word made flesh, the one Paul calls Lord. · throughout

YHWH (Hebrew)

the personal, covenant Name of the one God of Israel — the God Paul swears, under oath, he never stopped worshiping (Acts 24:14). · throughout